New research provides clarity on the most effective cessation aids available. Varenicline, cytisine, and e-cigarettes help the greatest proportion of people quit long-term. Slowly tapering nicotine dose before ending treatment may also boost success rates. Bupropion slightly raises the risk of serious side effects. Key Facts: Varenicline, cytisine, and e-cigarettes have the highest quit rates, …
Insomnia is a common sleep disorder affecting up to 15% of adults. While sedative medications are often prescribed, their long-term use can lead to dependence. As an alternative, antidepressants are widely used in clinical practice despite limited evidence supporting their efficacy and safety for insomnia. Key Facts: Insomnia affects up to 15% of adults, causing …
Depression is highly prevalent in older adults and those with cardiovascular disease. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are generally safe first-line treatments, but many wonder if they’re safe for those with cardiovascular disease. Key Facts: There is insufficient evidence to confirm the safety of most newer antidepressants for older and cardiovascular patients. SNRIs like venlafaxine …
Current antidepressants can take weeks to improve symptoms of depression. New research explores reasons for this delay and provides clues to develop more rapid-acting drugs. Key Facts: Most antidepressants increase brain serotonin and norepinephrine, but their mood benefits are delayed for weeks. Researchers are investigating other mechanisms that could explain this lag. Two leading theories …
Minor or subthreshold depression causes significant suffering and impairment, despite falling short of a major depression diagnosis. Effective early treatment is crucial to alleviate symptoms, improve functioning, and prevent progression to major depression. Both psychotherapy and antidepressants show efficacy, with antidepressants possibly having a slight advantage. In a shared decision-making model, patient preferences and values …
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that has emerged as a significant global health threat, but there are currently no approved antiviral drugs for treating ZIKV infection. A new study identifies the SSRI drug dapoxetine as a promising antiviral candidate against ZIKV by targeting and inhibiting its RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. Key Facts: Dapoxetine was …
Quercetin is a plant flavonoid with a diverse range of pharmaceutical effects that make it a promising potential base for new medications. Key facts: It has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-tumor, and antiviral properties. Quercetin has low bioavailability on its own which limits its efficacy. Encapsulating quercetin in macromolecules like polymers increases bioavailability. Quercetin shows therapeutic promise …
22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) is a genetic condition caused by a missing chunk of chromosome 22. It comes with high rates of neurodevelopmental and psychiatric problems. Sleep issues are very common in 22q11.2DS across the lifespan. Key Facts: Sleep problems occur in up to 91% of those with 22q11.2DS and involve difficulties falling asleep, staying …
Sadism refers to deriving pleasure from inflicting physical or emotional pain on others. A new review illuminates the personality traits that relate to higher levels of sadism. Key Facts: Sadism is linked to “dark personality traits” like psychopathy, narcissism, and Machiavellianism. Of these, psychopathy shows the strongest connection. Antisocial behaviors like aggression and rule-breaking contribute …
Depression often comes with significant sleep disturbances that can persist even after other symptoms improve. Choosing an antidepressant that alleviates sleep problems may improve outcomes. Key Facts: Sleep complaints like insomnia occur in 60-90% of depression patients. Poor sleep is associated with higher suicide risk. Sedative antidepressants like mirtazapine quickly improve sleep, while SSRIs/SNRIs may …
