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TL;DR: A 2026 narrative review in International Journal of General Medicine argued that apathy in Alzheimer’s disease is tied to damage across motivation circuits, including the anterior cingulate cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, striatum, locus coeruleus, and la…
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TL;DR: A 2026 mouse study in Alcohol: Clinical and Experimental Research found that chronic intermittent ethanol plus repeated forced-swim stress left mice drinking more alcohol months later and impaired reversal learning in midlife, alongside locus coeruleus…
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TL;DR: A 2025 mouse study in Cell mapped a sleep-growth hormone circuit, showing how hypothalamic GHRH and somatostatin neurons coordinate hormone pulses and then feed back onto wakefulness. Key Findings GH rose in REM and NREM: Growth hormone release was enha…
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Early Locus Coeruleus Axon Loss May Explain Smell Loss in Alzheimer’s TL;DR: Alzheimer’s-model mice lost noradrenergic locus coeruleus axons in the olfactory bulb before major plaque buildup, took 60% longer to find buried food, and improved when microglial ph…
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The Brain That Won’t Shut Down: How Fragmented REM Sleep Breeds Depression TL;DR: Chronic insomnia fragments REM sleep through persistent hyperarousal, preventing emotional memory consolidation and creating a vicious cycle that breeds depression—but cognitive-…
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